QSqlDatabase露

PyQt5.QtSql.QSqlDatabase

Description露

The QSqlDatabase class handles a connection to a database.

The QSqlDatabase class provides an interface for accessing a database through a connection. An instance of QSqlDatabase represents the connection. The connection provides access to the database via one of the supported database drivers, which are derived from QSqlDriver. Alternatively, you can subclass your own database driver from QSqlDriver. See How to Write Your Own Database Driver for more information.

Create a connection (i.e., an instance of QSqlDatabase) by calling one of the static addDatabase() functions, where you specify the driver or type of driver to use (depending on the type of database) and a connection name. A connection is known by its own name, not by the name of the database it connects to. You can have multiple connections to one database. QSqlDatabase also supports the concept of a default connection, which is the unnamed connection. To create the default connection, don鈥檛 pass the connection name argument when you call addDatabase(). Subsequently, the default connection will be assumed if you call any static member function without specifying the connection name. The following snippet shows how to create and open a default connection to a PostgreSQL database:

#     QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("QPSQL");
#     db.setHostName("acidalia");
#     db.setDatabaseName("customdb");
#     db.setUserName("mojito");
#     db.setPassword("J0a1m8");
#     bool ok = db.open();

Once the QSqlDatabase object has been created, set the connection parameters with setDatabaseName(), setUserName(), setPassword(), setHostName(), setPort(), and setConnectOptions(). Then call open() to activate the physical connection to the database. The connection is not usable until you open it.

The connection defined above will be the default connection, because we didn鈥檛 give a connection name to addDatabase(). Subsequently, you can get the default connection by calling database() without the connection name argument:

#     QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database();

QSqlDatabase is a value class. Changes made to a database connection via one instance of QSqlDatabase will affect other instances of QSqlDatabase that represent the same connection. Use cloneDatabase() to create an independent database connection based on an existing one.

Warning: It is highly recommended that you do not keep a copy of the QSqlDatabase around as a member of a class, as this will prevent the instance from being correctly cleaned up on shutdown. If you need to access an existing QSqlDatabase, it should be accessed with database(). If you chose to have a QSqlDatabase member variable, this needs to be deleted before the QCoreApplication instance is deleted, otherwise it may lead to undefined behavior.

If you create multiple database connections, specify a unique connection name for each one, when you call addDatabase(). Use database() with a connection name to get that connection. Use removeDatabase() with a connection name to remove a connection. QSqlDatabase outputs a warning if you try to remove a connection referenced by other QSqlDatabase objects. Use contains() to see if a given connection name is in the list of connections.

Some utility methods:
tables()	returns the list of tables
primaryIndex()	returns a table鈥檚 primary index
record()	returns meta-information about a table鈥檚 fields
transaction()	starts a transaction
commit()	saves and completes a transaction
rollback()	cancels a transaction
hasFeature()	checks if a driver supports transactions
lastError()	returns information about the last error
drivers()	returns the names of the available SQL drivers
isDriverAvailable()	checks if a particular driver is available
registerSqlDriver()	registers a custom-made driver

Note: exec() is deprecated. Use exec() instead.

Note: When using transactions, you must start the transaction before you create your query.

See also

QSqlDriver, QSqlQuery, Qt SQL.

Methods露

__init__(): Creates an empty, invalid QSqlDatabase object. Use addDatabase(), removeDatabase(), and database() to get valid QSqlDatabase objects.

__init__(QSqlDatabase): Creates a copy of other.

__init__(str)

This is an overloaded function.

Creates a QSqlDatabase connection that uses the driver referred to by type. If the type is not recognized, the database connection will have no functionality.

The currently available driver types are:

Driver Type	Description
QDB2	IBM DB2
QIBASE	Borland InterBase Driver
QMYSQL	MySQL Driver
QOCI	Oracle Call Interface Driver
QODBC	ODBC Driver (includes Microsoft SQL Server)
QPSQL	PostgreSQL Driver
QSQLITE	SQLite version 3 or above
QSQLITE2	SQLite version 2
QTDS	Sybase Adaptive Server

Additional third party drivers, including your own custom drivers, can be loaded dynamically.

__init__(QSqlDriver)

This is an overloaded function.

Creates a database connection using the given driver.

@staticmethod addDatabase(str, connectionName: str = '') → QSqlDatabase: TODO

@staticmethod addDatabase(QSqlDriver, connectionName: str = '') → QSqlDatabase: TODO

@staticmethod cloneDatabase(QSqlDatabase, str) → QSqlDatabase

Clones the database connection other and stores it as connectionName. All the settings from the original database, e.g. databaseName(), hostName(), etc., are copied across. Does nothing if other is an invalid database. Returns the newly created database connection.

Note: The new connection has not been opened. Before using the new connection, you must call open().

@staticmethod cloneDatabase(str, str) → QSqlDatabase: TODO

close()

Closes the database connection, freeing any resources acquired, and invalidating any existing QSqlQuery objects that are used with the database.

This will also affect copies of this QSqlDatabase object.

See also

removeDatabase().

commit() → bool

Commits a transaction to the database if the driver supports transactions and a transaction() has been started. Returns true if the operation succeeded. Otherwise it returns false.

Note: For some databases, the commit will fail and return false if there is an isActive() using the database for a SELECT. Make the query isActive() before doing the commit.

Call lastError() to get information about errors.

See also

isActive(), hasFeature(), rollback().

connectionName() → str

Returns the connection name, which may be empty.

Note: The connection name is not the databaseName().

See also

addDatabase().

@staticmethod connectionNames() → List[str]: Returns a list containing the names of all connections.

See also

contains(), database().

connectOptions() → str: Returns the connection options string used for this connection. The string may be empty.

See also

setConnectOptions().

@staticmethod contains(connectionName: str = '') → bool: Returns true if the list of database connections contains connectionName; otherwise returns false.

See also

connectionNames(), database().

@staticmethod database(connectionName: str = '', open: bool = True) → QSqlDatabase: Returns the database connection called connectionName. The database connection must have been previously added with addDatabase(). If open is true (the default) and the database connection is not already open it is opened now. If no connectionName is specified the default connection is used. If connectionName does not exist in the list of databases, an invalid connection is returned.

See also

isOpen().

databaseName() → str

Returns the connection鈥檚 database name, which may be empty.

Note: The database name is not the connection name.

See also

setDatabaseName().

driver() → QSqlDriver: Returns the database driver used to access the database connection.

See also

addDatabase(), drivers().

driverName() → str: Returns the connection鈥檚 driver name.

See also

addDatabase(), driver().

@staticmethod drivers() → List[str]: Returns a list of all the available database drivers.

See also

registerSqlDriver().

exec(query: str = '') → QSqlQuery: Executes a SQL statement on the database and returns a QSqlQuery object. Use lastError() to retrieve error information. If query is empty, an empty, invalid query is returned and lastError() is not affected.

See also

QSqlQuery, lastError().

exec_(query: str = '') → QSqlQuery: Executes a SQL statement on the database and returns a QSqlQuery object. Use lastError() to retrieve error information. If query is empty, an empty, invalid query is returned and lastError() is not affected.

See also

QSqlQuery, lastError().

hostName() → str: Returns the connection鈥檚 host name; it may be empty.

See also

setHostName().

@staticmethod isDriverAvailable(str) → bool: Returns true if a driver called name is available; otherwise returns false.

See also

drivers().

isOpen() → bool: Returns true if the database connection is currently open; otherwise returns false.

isOpenError() → bool: Returns true if there was an error opening the database connection; otherwise returns false. Error information can be retrieved using the lastError() function.

isValid() → bool

Returns true if the QSqlDatabase has a valid driver.

Example:

# QSqlDatabase db;
# qDebug() << db.isValid();    // Returns false

# db = QSqlDatabase::database("sales");
# qDebug() << db.isValid();    // Returns \c true if "sales" connection exists

# QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase("sales");
# qDebug() << db.isValid();    // Returns false

lastError() → QSqlError

Returns information about the last error that occurred on the database.

Failures that occur in conjunction with an individual query are reported by lastError().

See also

QSqlError, lastError().

numericalPrecisionPolicy() → NumericalPrecisionPolicy: Returns the current default precision policy for the database connection.

See also

setNumericalPrecisionPolicy(), numericalPrecisionPolicy(), setNumericalPrecisionPolicy(), NumericalPrecisionPolicy.

open() → bool: Opens the database connection using the current connection values. Returns true on success; otherwise returns false. Error information can be retrieved using lastError().

See also

lastError(), setDatabaseName(), setUserName(), setPassword(), setHostName(), setPort(), setConnectOptions().

open(str, str) → bool

This is an overloaded function.

Opens the database connection using the given user name and password. Returns true on success; otherwise returns false. Error information can be retrieved using the lastError() function.

This function does not store the password it is given. Instead, the password is passed directly to the driver for opening the connection and it is then discarded.

See also

lastError().

password() → str: Returns the connection鈥檚 password. An empty string will be returned if the password was not set with setPassword(), and if the password was given in the open() call, or if no password was used.

See also

setPassword().

port() → int: Returns the connection鈥檚 port number. The value is undefined if the port number has not been set.

See also

setPort().

primaryIndex(str) → QSqlIndex: Returns the primary index for table tablename. If no primary index exists, an empty QSqlIndex is returned.

See also

tables(), record().

record(str) → QSqlRecord: Returns a QSqlRecord populated with the names of all the fields in the table (or view) called tablename. The order in which the fields appear in the record is undefined. If no such table (or view) exists, an empty record is returned.

@staticmethod registerSqlDriver(str, QSqlDriverCreatorBase)

This function registers a new SQL driver called name, within the SQL framework. This is useful if you have a custom SQL driver and don鈥檛 want to compile it as a plugin.

Example:

# QSqlDatabase::registerSqlDriver("MYDRIVER",
#                                 new QSqlDriverCreator<MyDatabaseDriver>);
# QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("MYDRIVER");

QSqlDatabase takes ownership of the creator pointer, so you mustn鈥檛 delete it yourself.

See also

drivers().

@staticmethod removeDatabase(str)

Removes the database connection connectionName from the list of database connections.

Warning: There should be no open queries on the database connection when this function is called, otherwise a resource leak will occur.

Example:

# // WRONG
# QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database("sales");
# QSqlQuery query("SELECT NAME, DOB FROM EMPLOYEES", db);
# QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase("sales"); // will output a warning

# // "db" is now a dangling invalid database connection,
# // "query" contains an invalid result set

The correct way to do it:

# {
#     QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database("sales");
#     QSqlQuery query("SELECT NAME, DOB FROM EMPLOYEES", db);
# }
# // Both "db" and "query" are destroyed because they are out of scope
# QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase("sales"); // correct

To remove the default connection, which may have been created with a call to addDatabase() not specifying a connection name, you can retrieve the default connection name by calling connectionName() on the database returned by database(). Note that if a default database hasn鈥檛 been created an invalid database will be returned.

See also

database(), connectionName().

rollback() → bool

Rolls back a transaction on the database, if the driver supports transactions and a transaction() has been started. Returns true if the operation succeeded. Otherwise it returns false.

Note: For some databases, the rollback will fail and return false if there is an isActive() using the database for a SELECT. Make the query isActive() before doing the rollback.

Call lastError() to get information about errors.

See also

isActive(), hasFeature(), commit().

setConnectOptions(options: str = '')

Sets database-specific options. This must be done before the connection is opened, otherwise it has no effect. Another possibility is to close the connection, call , and open() the connection again.

The format of the options string is a semicolon separated list of option names or option=value pairs. The options depend on the database client used:

ODBC	MySQL	PostgreSQL
SQL_ATTR_ACCESS_MODE SQL_ATTR_LOGIN_TIMEOUT SQL_ATTR_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT SQL_ATTR_CURRENT_CATALOG SQL_ATTR_METADATA_ID SQL_ATTR_PACKET_SIZE SQL_ATTR_TRACEFILE SQL_ATTR_TRACE SQL_ATTR_CONNECTION_POOLING SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION	CLIENT_COMPRESS CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE CLIENT_ODBC CLIENT_NO_SCHEMA CLIENT_INTERACTIVE UNIX_SOCKET MYSQL_OPT_RECONNECT MYSQL_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT MYSQL_OPT_READ_TIMEOUT MYSQL_OPT_WRITE_TIMEOUT SSL_KEY SSL_CERT SSL_CA SSL_CAPATH SSL_CIPHER	connect_timeout options tty requiressl service

DB2	OCI	TDS
SQL_ATTR_ACCESS_MODE SQL_ATTR_LOGIN_TIMEOUT	OCI_ATTR_PREFETCH_ROWS OCI_ATTR_PREFETCH_MEMORY	none

SQLite	Interbase
QSQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT QSQLITE_OPEN_READONLY QSQLITE_OPEN_URI QSQLITE_ENABLE_SHARED_CACHE QSQLITE_ENABLE_REGEXP	ISC_DPB_LC_CTYPE ISC_DPB_SQL_ROLE_NAME

Examples:

# ...
# // MySQL connection
# db.setConnectOptions("SSL_KEY=client-key.pem;SSL_CERT=client-cert.pem;SSL_CA=ca-cert.pem;CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE=1"); // use an SSL connection to the server
# if (!db.open()) {
#     db.setConnectOptions(); // clears the connect option string
#     ...
# }
# ...
# // PostgreSQL connection
# db.setConnectOptions("requiressl=1"); // enable PostgreSQL SSL connections
# if (!db.open()) {
#     db.setConnectOptions(); // clear options
#     ...
# }
# ...
# // ODBC connection
# db.setConnectOptions("SQL_ATTR_ACCESS_MODE=SQL_MODE_READ_ONLY;SQL_ATTR_TRACE=SQL_OPT_TRACE_ON"); // set ODBC options
# if (!db.open()) {
#     db.setConnectOptions(); // don't try to set this option
#     ...
# }

Refer to the client library documentation for more information about the different options.

See also

connectOptions().

setDatabaseName(str)

Sets the connection鈥檚 database name to name. To have effect, the database name must be set before the connection is open(). Alternatively, you can close() the connection, set the database name, and call open() again.

Note: The database name is not the connection name. The connection name must be passed to addDatabase() at connection object create time.

For the QOCI (Oracle) driver, the database name is the TNS Service Name.

For the QODBC driver, the name can either be a DSN, a DSN filename (in which case the file must have a .dsn extension), or a connection string.

For example, Microsoft Access users can use the following connection string to open an .mdb file directly, instead of having to create a DSN entry in the ODBC manager:

# ...
# db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("QODBC");
# db.setDatabaseName("DRIVER={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};FIL={MS Access};DBQ=myaccessfile.mdb");
# if (db.open()) {
#     // success!
# }
# ...

There is no default value.

setHostName(str)

Sets the connection鈥檚 host name to host. To have effect, the host name must be set before the connection is open(). Alternatively, you can close() the connection, set the host name, and call open() again.

There is no default value.

setNumericalPrecisionPolicy(NumericalPrecisionPolicy): TODO

setPassword(str)

Sets the connection鈥檚 password to password. To have effect, the password must be set before the connection is open(). Alternatively, you can close() the connection, set the password, and call open() again.

There is no default value.

Warning: This function stores the password in plain text within Qt. Use the open() call that takes a password as parameter to avoid this behavior.

setPort(int)

Sets the connection鈥檚 port number to port. To have effect, the port number must be set before the connection is open(). Alternatively, you can close() the connection, set the port number, and call open() again..

There is no default value.

setUserName(str)

Sets the connection鈥檚 user name to name. To have effect, the user name must be set before the connection is open(). Alternatively, you can close() the connection, set the user name, and call open() again.

There is no default value.

tables(type: TableType = Tables) → List[str]: TODO

transaction() → bool: Begins a transaction on the database if the driver supports transactions. Returns true if the operation succeeded. Otherwise it returns false.

See also

hasFeature(), commit(), rollback().

userName() → str: Returns the connection鈥檚 user name; it may be empty.

See also

setUserName().